This peaceful period was, however, shattered with the rise of Qara Iskander, who reportedly made Armenia a "desert" and subjected it to "devastation and plunder, to slaughter, and captivity". According to Tovma, although the Qara Qoyunlu levied heavy taxes against the Armenians, the early years of their rule were relatively peaceful and some reconstruction of towns took place. The principal Armenian sources available in this period come from the historian Tovma Metsopetsi and several colophons to contemporary manuscripts. In 1410, Armenia fell under the control of the Qara Qoyunlu. This time Hasanali Mirza came to power, but was killed by Uzun Hasan and the Qara Qoyunlu state collapsed. Jahanshah Haqiqi died in the battle of Mus. But he went to war with his enemies, the Aq Qoyunlular. ![]() They brought the Timurids to the capital. ![]() Due to the mistakes of his predecessor, Shahrukh Shah, the king of the Timurid state, was the first to convene a party in the palace. He was also adopted by Goharshad Begum and crowned on 19 April 1438, along taking epithet "Muzaffar al-Din". In 1436 he obtained the help of the Timurid ruler Shah Rukh to defeat QaraIskander and seize the throne for himself. Despite defeating Iskander, twice in 1420–, only in the third expedition of Shahrukh Mirza in 1434–35 did the Timurids succeed, when he entrusted the government to Iskander's own brother, Jahan Shah (1436-1467) as his vassal. After the death of Qara Yusuf in December 1420, Shahrukh Mirza tried to take Azerbaijan from Qara Yusuf's son Qara Iskander, using the fact that none of his sons was accompanying his father. Despite internal fighting among Qara Yusuf's descendants after his death in 1420, The Qara Qoyunlu state collapsed after Qara Yusif. The installation of a subsidiary Qara Qoyunlu line there hastened the downfall of the Jalairids they had once served. In 1410, the Qara Qoyunlu captured Baghdad. In 1409 fall, Qara Yusuf entered Tabriz and sent a raiding party to Shirvan, especially Shaki, which was fruitless. Abu Bakr and his father Miran Shah tried to recapture Azerbaijan, but on 20 April 1408, Qara Yusuf inflicted a decisive defeat on them at the Battle of Sardrud in which Miran Shah was killed. He defeated the Timurid Abu Bakr at the Battle of Nakhchivan on 14 October 1406 and reoccupied Tabriz. He later moved on to the territories of Azerbaijan. He forced Timur's governor in Van Izzaddin Shir to submit, while capturing Altamış, another viceroy set up by Timur and sending him to Barquq. Qara Yusuf, having returned from exile in Egypt and went back to Anatolia. However, according to Faruk Sümer, they were released on the orders of rebellious wali of Damascus - Sheykh Mahmud. When Timur died in 1405 Nasir-ad-Din Faraj released them both. Together in prison, the two leaders renewed their friendship, making an agreement that Sultan Ahmed Jalayir should keep Baghdad while Qara Yusuf would have Azerbaijan. Sultan Ahmed Jalayir and Kara Yusuf imprisoned on the order of Nasir-ad-Din Faraj. Not wanting to worsen relations with Amir Teymur, Nasir-ad-Din Faraj agreed to capture GaraYusif and Sultan Ahmed Jalairi, and hand them over to Teymur. Not long after, Jalairid Sultan Ahmed also came to Damascus. Qara Yusuf was welcomed by Sheikh Mahmud, the nâib of Damascus. In 1400, Timur defeated the Qara Qoyunlu, and Qara Yusuf fled to Egypt, seeking refuge with the Mamluk Sultanate. However, they rebelled against the Jalairids and secured their independence from the dynasty with the conquest of Tabriz by Qara Yusuf. The Qara Qoyunlu Turkomans were initially vassals of the Jalairid Sultanate in Baghdad and Tabriz from about 1375, when the leader of their leading tribe ruled over Mosul. Qara Yusif in the battle of Kura coast with Shirvanshahs, 1412. It is probable that the Duharlu tribe came to Anatolia from Central Asia during the Mongol invasion, as testified by the legendary tradition of Qara Qoyunlu. ĭuharlu Turkmens, a branch of Qara Qoyunlu first appeared in the Chronicle of Michael Panaretos. According to Faruk Sümer, the Qara Qoyunlu tribe was undoubtedly a sub-tribe ( oba) of the Oghuz, and Minorsky's claim that this sub-tribe belonged to the Yiwa is probably true. The tribes that comprised the Qara Qoyunlu besides Baharlu were Saadlu, Karamanlu, Alpaut, Dukharlu, Jagirlu, Hajilu, Agacheri. The ruling family descended from the Yıva tribe of the Oghuz Turks, specifically, the Baharlu tribe, who by the 14th century possessed territories north of the Van Lake and Mosul, in Northern Iraq.
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